/* ==========================================================================
   Transient Fluid Mechanics Laboratory — site styles
   Palette: white paper, blue-black ink, one accent (classic blue).
   Type: Newsreader (serif) for headings and prose, IBM Plex Sans for
   navigation, metadata and technical lists.
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
  --paper: #ffffff;
  --ink: #172231;
  --ink-soft: #4d5b6b;
  --ink-faint: #7d8896;
  --line: #dde3ea;
  --wash: #f3f6f9;
  --accent: #0f4c81;
  --accent-deep: #0b3a63;
  --accent-wash: #e7eef6;

  --serif: "Newsreader", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  --sans: "IBM Plex Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;

  --step--1: 0.875rem;   /* 14px */
  --step-0: 1.125rem;    /* 18px body */
  --step-1: 1.375rem;    /* 22px */
  --step-2: 1.75rem;     /* 28px */
  --step-3: 2.375rem;    /* 38px */
  --step-4: clamp(2.75rem, 2rem + 3.2vw, 4.5rem);

  --wrap: 1120px;
  --gutter: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  --label-col: 200px;
}

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }

html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-behavior: smooth; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html { scroll-behavior: auto; } }

body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: var(--step-0);
  line-height: 1.55;
  font-optical-sizing: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}

img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }
a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.14em; }
a:hover { color: var(--accent-deep); }
a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: 3px; border-radius: 2px; }

h1, h2, h3, h4 { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
h1 { font-size: var(--step-3); }
h2 { font-size: var(--step-2); }
h3 { font-size: var(--step-1); }
p { margin: 0 0 1em; }
address { font-style: normal; }
time { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); }

.wrap { max-width: var(--wrap); margin-inline: auto; padding-inline: var(--gutter); }

.visually-hidden { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }
.skip { position: absolute; left: 1rem; top: -3rem; background: var(--ink); color: #fff; padding: .5rem .75rem; font-family: var(--sans); z-index: 20; }
.skip:focus { top: 1rem; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Header and navigation
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.site-header { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--paper); }
.header-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 2rem; min-height: 5.25rem; }

.brand { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1rem; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.brand-logo { width: auto; height: 3rem; }
.brand-text { display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.brand-name { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 500; }
.brand-sub { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: .2rem; }

.nav { display: flex; gap: 1.75rem; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.9375rem; }
.nav a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; padding: .4rem 0; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; }
.nav a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
.nav a[aria-current="page"] { border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }

.nav-toggle { display: none; background: none; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 4px; width: 2.75rem; height: 2.75rem; cursor: pointer; padding: 0; position: relative; }
.nav-toggle-bar { position: absolute; left: .7rem; right: .7rem; height: 2px; background: var(--ink); transition: transform .2s; }
.nav-toggle-bar:nth-child(1) { top: 1rem; }
.nav-toggle-bar:nth-child(2) { bottom: 1rem; }
.nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .nav-toggle-bar:nth-child(1) { transform: translateY(.34rem) rotate(45deg); }
.nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .nav-toggle-bar:nth-child(2) { transform: translateY(-.34rem) rotate(-45deg); }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Hero (home)
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(0, 5fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem); align-items: center; padding-block: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 6rem) clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem); }
.hero-title { font-size: var(--step-4); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.02; letter-spacing: -0.025em; max-width: 12ch; }
.hero-lede { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.4; color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 34ch; margin-top: 1.5rem; }
.hero-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1.5rem; margin-top: 2rem; font-family: var(--sans); }
.hero-media img, .hero-media .ph { width: 100%; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Buttons and links
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.button { display: inline-block; background: var(--accent); color: #fff; text-decoration: none; font-family: var(--sans); font-weight: 500; font-size: 0.9375rem; padding: .8rem 1.25rem; border-radius: 3px; }
.button:hover { background: var(--accent-deep); color: #fff; }
.link-quiet { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.9375rem; }
.more { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.9375rem; margin-top: 1.5rem; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Sections: heading in a left column, content on the right
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.section { display: grid; grid-template-columns: var(--label-col) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 2rem 3rem; padding-block: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4rem); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.section-tight { padding-block: 2rem; }
.section-title { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); padding-top: .15rem; }
.section-title .status { display: block; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); font-weight: 400; color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: .35rem; }
.section-title.year { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink-soft); font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }

.page-head { padding-block: clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4.5rem) clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem); }
.page-head h1 { font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; }
.lede { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.4; color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 60ch; margin-top: 1rem; }
.page-head-img { width: 100%; max-height: 420px; object-fit: cover; margin-top: 2.5rem; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Prose
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.prose { max-width: 68ch; }
.prose p, .prose ul, .prose ol { margin: 0 0 1.1em; }
.prose h2 { font-size: var(--step-1); margin: 2.2em 0 .7em; }
.prose h3 { font-size: var(--step-0); font-weight: 600; margin: 1.8em 0 .5em; }
.prose li { margin-bottom: .35em; }
.prose strong { font-weight: 600; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Research lists
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.theme + .theme { margin-top: 3rem; padding-top: 2.5rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.theme-title { font-size: var(--step-2); font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.theme-blurb { color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 60ch; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; }

.project-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.project-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 160px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; padding: 1.25rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.project-row:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.project-thumb img, .project-thumb .ph { width: 160px; height: 108px; object-fit: cover; }
.project-title { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: .35rem; }
.project-title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.project-title a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.project-summary { color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; max-width: 60ch; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Articles (project pages, news posts, join)
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.article { padding-block: clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4.5rem) clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem); }
.article-narrow { max-width: calc(68ch + 2 * var(--gutter)); }
.article h1 { font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; max-width: 24ch; }
.article .lede { margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.crumbs, .meta { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
.crumbs a { color: var(--ink-soft); }
.lead-figure { margin: 0 0 2.5rem; }
.lead-figure img { width: 100%; max-height: 560px; object-fit: cover; }

.figures { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; margin-top: 2.5rem; }
.figures figure { margin: 0; }
.figures img, .figures .ph { width: 100%; }
figcaption { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: .6rem; line-height: 1.45; }

.related { margin-top: 3rem; padding-top: 2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.related h2 { font-size: var(--step-1); margin-bottom: 1rem; }

.post-nav { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 1.5rem; margin-top: 3rem; padding-top: 1.5rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.post-nav a { text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }
.post-nav a span { display: block; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .25rem; }
.post-nav a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   News lists
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.news-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.news-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 8rem minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; padding: 1.1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.news-row:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.news-row time { padding-top: .3rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.news-title { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; }
.news-title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.news-title a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.news-summary { color: var(--ink-soft); margin: .3rem 0 0; }
.news-list-full { grid-column: 1 / -1; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Publications
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.pub-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.pub { display: grid; gap: .2rem; padding: 1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.pub:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.pub-title { font-size: var(--step-0); font-weight: 500; }
.pub-title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.pub-title a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.pub-authors { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); }
.pub-venue { font-size: var(--step--1); font-family: var(--sans); color: var(--ink-soft); }
.pub-note { color: var(--ink-faint); }
.pub-status { color: var(--accent); }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   People
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.people-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(220px, 1fr)); gap: 2.5rem 2rem; }
.people-grid-compact { grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr)); }
.person { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); }
.portrait { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; margin-bottom: 1rem; background: var(--wash); }
.portrait-ph { display: grid; place-items: center; color: var(--ink-faint); font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 2.5rem; }
.person-name { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: .2rem; }
.person-role { color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.person-edu { margin: 0 0 .6rem; padding: 0; list-style: none; color: var(--ink-soft); line-height: 1.45; }
.person-project { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1rem; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.person-note { margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.person-links { margin: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .4rem 1rem; }
.person-now { color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .5rem; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Facilities
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.facility-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem 3rem; align-items: start; }
.facility-img, .facility-body .ph { grid-row: 1 / span 2; width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 10 / 7; object-fit: cover; }
.facility-summary { color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }
.specs { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); line-height: 1.5; }
.specs li { padding: .45rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.specs li:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.facility-body:not(:has(.facility-img)):not(:has(.ph)) { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Placeholders for images that have not been added yet
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.ph { display: block; background: var(--wash) repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, transparent 0 14px, rgba(23, 34, 49, .05) 14px 15px); }
.ph-square { aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; }
.ph-thumb { width: 160px; height: 108px; }
.ph-wide { aspect-ratio: 16 / 10; width: 100%; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Footer
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

.site-footer { margin-top: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--wash); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); }
.footer-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2.5rem; padding-block: 3rem 2rem; }
.footer-heading { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: var(--step-0); color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: .6rem; font-weight: 500; }
.footer-grid address { line-height: 1.6; }
.footer-aside { justify-self: end; text-align: right; max-width: 22rem; }
.footer-logo { display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.footer-affiliation { color: var(--ink); }
.epigraph { font-family: var(--serif); font-style: italic; font-size: var(--step-0); color: var(--ink-soft); }
.epigraph-source { font-style: normal; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); white-space: nowrap; }
.footer-bottom { padding-block: 1.25rem 2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.footer-bottom p { margin: 0; }

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Responsive
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .hero-media { max-width: 480px; }
  .section { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .facility-body { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .facility-img, .facility-body .ph { grid-row: auto; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .footer-aside { grid-column: 1 / -1; justify-self: start; text-align: left; }
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .brand-name { font-size: 1.05rem; }
  .brand-sub { display: none; }
  .brand-logo { height: 2.5rem; }
  .nav-toggle { display: block; }
  .nav { display: none; position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; top: 100%; flex-direction: column; gap: 0; background: var(--paper); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); padding: .5rem var(--gutter) 1rem; z-index: 10; }
  .nav.open { display: flex; }
  .nav a { padding: .8rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: 1.05rem; }
  .nav a[aria-current="page"] { border-bottom-color: var(--line); color: var(--accent); }
  .site-header { position: relative; }
  .project-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: .75rem; }
  .project-thumb img, .project-thumb .ph, .ph-thumb { width: 100%; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 3 / 2; }
  .news-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: .25rem; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

@media print {
  .site-header, .site-footer, .hero-actions, .more, .post-nav { display: none; }
  body { font-size: 11pt; }
  a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Feature pages: long-form research stories with figures and diagrams
   ========================================================================== */

.feature { padding-bottom: 2rem; }
.feature-hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(0, 5fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem); align-items: end; padding-block: clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4.5rem) clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); }
.feature-hero h1 { font-size: var(--step-4); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.02; letter-spacing: -0.025em; max-width: 14ch; }
.feature-lede { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.45; color: var(--ink); margin-top: 1.5rem; max-width: 40ch; }
.feature-meta { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 1.5rem 0 0; max-width: 44ch; }
.feature-hero-media { margin: 0; }
.feature-hero-media img { width: 100%; }
.feature figcaption { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: .6rem; line-height: 1.45; }

/* The numbers band: the strongest hook on the page, so it gets a tinted full-width
   band, a label of its own and figures large enough to carry the page. */
.stats-band { background: var(--wash); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.stats-eyebrow { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .09em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-faint); margin: 0; padding-top: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.25rem); }
.stats { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem); padding-block: clamp(1.25rem, 2.5vw, 1.75rem) clamp(1.75rem, 3.5vw, 2.5rem); font-family: var(--sans); }
.stats > div { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 1.1rem; }
.stats strong { display: block; font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 400; font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 1.6rem + 2.6vw, 3.5rem); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -0.03em; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: .45rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.stats span { font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); line-height: 1.45; }

.f-section { padding-block: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.f-section:first-of-type { border-top: 0; }
.f-title { font-size: var(--step-3); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; max-width: 22ch; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.f-text h2 { font-size: var(--step-3); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
.f-text p { max-width: 58ch; }
.f-intro { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.45; color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 62ch; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.f-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4.5rem); align-items: start; }
.f-grid + .f-grid, .f-grid + .f-trio, .f-strip + .f-grid, .f-wide + .f-grid, .f-grid + .f-wide { margin-top: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); }
.f-grid-reverse > .f-text { order: 2; }
/* Figures. Every image renders at its natural pixel size or smaller, never larger, so
   the small originals stay sharp instead of being stretched by width: 100%. The width
   and height attributes in the markup reserve the right box before the file loads,
   which is what stops the page reflowing as the figures arrive. */
.f-figure { margin: 0; }
.feature figure img { display: block; width: auto; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin-inline: auto; }
.f-figure-center { width: fit-content; max-width: 100%; margin-inline: auto; }
.f-figure-center figcaption { max-width: 52ch; }
.f-figure-narrow { max-width: 300px; }

/* A wash panel behind an image: gives the small originals a deliberate frame instead of
   leaving them adrift in a wide column, and lets a row of differently shaped images sit
   on a shared background. */
.f-frame { display: grid; place-items: center; background: var(--wash); border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: clamp(.75rem, 1.5vw, 1.25rem); }

.f-pair { display: grid; gap: 1.5rem; }
.f-before-after { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
.f-before-after figcaption { grid-column: 1 / -1; margin-top: 0; }
.f-stack { display: grid; gap: 1.5rem; }

/* Three panels whose originals are 1.24, 0.92 and 0.74 wide-to-tall. No forced aspect
   ratio, which letterboxed them unevenly; matched heights on a shared panel instead. */
.f-trio { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; }
.f-trio .f-frame { min-height: 16rem; }
.feature .f-trio .f-frame img { max-height: 14rem; }

/* The wake strips run up to 8.8:1. Inside a text column they collapse to slivers, so
   they break out wider than the text and, when the viewport is still narrower than the
   file itself, scroll sideways at full resolution rather than shrinking further. */
.f-bleed { position: relative; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: min(1440px, calc(100vw - 2 * var(--gutter))); max-width: none; }
.f-scroll { overflow-x: auto; overscroll-behavior-x: contain; background: var(--wash); border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: clamp(.75rem, 1.5vw, 1.25rem); }
.feature .f-scroll img { width: auto; max-width: none; height: auto; margin-inline: 0; }
.feature .f-scroll img + img { margin-top: .75rem; }
.f-bleed figcaption, .f-bleed .f-hint { max-width: 76ch; margin-inline: auto; padding-inline: var(--gutter); }
.f-hint { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-faint); margin: .4rem 0 0; }
.f-strip { margin: 0; }
.f-text + .f-strip, .f-strip + .f-strip { margin-top: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); }
.f-trio + .f-figure, .f-figure + .f-figure, .f-strip + .f-figure, .f-figure + .f-strip,
.f-wide + .f-wide, .f-diagram-wide + .f-trio { margin-top: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); }

.f-text-wide p, .f-text-wide .expert { max-width: 68ch; }
.f-wide { margin: 0; }
.f-diagram { align-self: center; }
.f-diagram-wide { max-width: 860px; margin: 2rem 0 2.5rem; }
.f-plot { max-width: 900px; }

/* One-sentence takeaway under a section heading, so the page can be skimmed. */
.f-takeaway { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.4; color: var(--ink); background: var(--accent-wash); border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: clamp(.9rem, 2vw, 1.2rem) clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 1.5rem); margin: -0.75rem 0 clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.5rem); max-width: 64ch; }

/* "Why this matters": three real settings, set like the .specs lists elsewhere. */
.f-why { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem); }
.f-why > div { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 1rem; }
.f-why h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: var(--step-0); font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: .4rem; }
.f-why p { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); line-height: 1.55; color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }

/* Closing invitation. */
.f-invite { background: var(--accent-wash); border-top: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 2.5rem); }
.f-invite h2 { font-size: var(--step-2); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin-bottom: .75rem; }
.f-invite p { max-width: 62ch; margin: 0; }
.f-invite-links { list-style: none; margin: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 1.75rem) 0 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: .9rem 1.75rem; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.9375rem; }

.expert { margin-top: 1.5rem; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: .1rem 0 .1rem 1.1rem; max-width: 58ch; }
.expert summary { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); font-weight: 500; color: var(--accent); cursor: pointer; list-style: none; }
.expert summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.expert summary::after { content: " +"; }
.expert[open] summary::after { content: " −"; }
.expert p { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); line-height: 1.55; color: var(--ink-soft); margin: .75rem 0 0; }

.f-papers .paper { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 1.25rem; }
.paper-venue { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.paper h3 { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.paper h3 a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.paper h3 a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.paper-authors { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); margin-bottom: .75rem; }
.paper p:last-child { color: var(--ink-soft); }
.f-funding { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: 2.5rem; max-width: 70ch; }

/* Inline SVG diagrams */
.diagram { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; font-family: var(--sans); }
.diagram text { font-size: 13px; fill: var(--ink); }
.diagram text.sub { font-size: 11.5px; fill: var(--ink-soft); }
.diagram .tracers circle { fill: var(--ink-faint); opacity: .7; }
.diagram .sphere { fill: none; stroke: var(--ink); stroke-width: 1.4; stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }
.diagram .zone { fill: none; stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1; }
.diagram .up, .diagram .down, .diagram .motion { stroke: var(--accent); stroke-width: 1.8; fill: none; }
.diagram .down { stroke: var(--ink-soft); }
.diagram .swirl { fill: none; stroke: var(--accent); stroke-width: 1.8; }
.diagram .leader { stroke: var(--ink-faint); stroke-width: 1; }
.diagram circle.fluid { fill: var(--accent); opacity: .75; }
.diagram circle.shell { fill: #d9782a; }
.diagram circle.solid { fill: var(--ink); opacity: .55; }

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .feature-hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .feature-hero-media { max-width: 420px; }
  .stats { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .f-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .f-grid-reverse > .f-text { order: 0; }
  .f-trio { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .f-trio .f-frame { min-height: 0; }
  .feature .f-trio .f-frame img { max-height: 20rem; }
  .f-why { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .f-bleed { width: calc(100vw - 2 * var(--gutter)); }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Home page
   ========================================================================== */

/* transparent header floating over the full-screen hero */
.hero-dark .site-header { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; z-index: 5; background: transparent; border-bottom: 0; }
.hero-dark .brand, .hero-dark .brand-sub { color: #fff; }
.hero-dark .brand-logo { filter: brightness(0) invert(1); }
.hero-dark .nav-toggle { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.5); }
.hero-dark .nav-toggle-bar { background: #fff; }
@media (min-width: 721px) {
  .hero-dark .nav a { color: #fff; }
  .hero-dark .nav a:hover { color: #fff; border-bottom-color: rgba(255,255,255,.6); }
}

.home-hero { position: relative; min-height: 100vh; min-height: 100svh; display: flex; align-items: center; background: var(--ink); color: #fff; overflow: hidden; }
.home-hero-img { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; }
.home-hero::after { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(10,16,24,.55) 0%, rgba(10,16,24,.35) 40%, rgba(10,16,24,.55) 100%); }
.home-hero-inner { position: relative; z-index: 1; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-block: 7rem 5rem; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; }
.home-epigraph { font-style: italic; font-size: var(--step-1); color: rgba(255,255,255,.85); margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.home-epigraph span { font-style: normal; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); display: block; margin-top: .4rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.7); }
.home-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 1.6rem + 3.6vw, 4.75rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.05; letter-spacing: -0.025em; max-width: 16ch; text-shadow: 0 2px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.35); }
.home-institution { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step-0); color: rgba(255,255,255,.85); margin: 1rem 0 0; }
.home-lede { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.4; max-width: 44ch; margin-top: 2rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.92); }
.home-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; gap: 1rem; margin: 2.25rem 0 0; font-family: var(--sans); }
.button-light { background: #fff; color: var(--ink); }
.button-light:hover { background: var(--accent-wash); color: var(--ink); }
.button-ghost { background: transparent; color: #fff; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.7); }
.button-ghost:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.12); color: #fff; }

.home-section { padding-block: clamp(3.5rem, 7vw, 6rem); }
.home-section + .home-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.home-section-head { max-width: 62ch; margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }
.home-section-head-center { margin-inline: auto; text-align: center; }
.home-section-head h2 { font-size: var(--step-3); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin-bottom: .75rem; }
.home-section-head p { color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: var(--step-0); margin: 0; }
.home-center-link, .home-pi-links { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 0.9375rem; text-align: center; margin-top: 2rem; }
.home-kicker { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: .75rem; }

/* research: tall image strips */
.strip-gallery { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(5, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: .75rem; }
.strip-gallery a { position: relative; display: block; aspect-ratio: 2 / 5; overflow: hidden; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; background: var(--ink); }
.strip-gallery img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; display: block; transition: transform .6s ease; }
.strip-gallery a:hover img, .strip-gallery a:focus img { transform: scale(1.04); }
.strip-gallery span { position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; padding: 4rem 1rem 1.1rem; background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(10,16,24,0) 0%, rgba(10,16,24,.75) 100%); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); line-height: 1.4; }
.strip-gallery strong { display: block; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: .2rem; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .strip-gallery img { transition: none; } .strip-gallery a:hover img { transform: none; } }

/* time-scale diagram */
.timeline { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; font-family: var(--sans); overflow: visible; }
.timeline .axis { stroke: var(--ink); stroke-width: 1.5; }
.timeline .tick { stroke: var(--ink); stroke-width: 1; }
.timeline .tick-label { font-size: 12px; fill: var(--ink-soft); }
.timeline .range { stroke: var(--accent-wash); stroke-width: 10; stroke-linecap: round; }
.timeline .stem { stroke: var(--ink-faint); stroke-width: 1; }
.timeline .dot { fill: var(--accent); }
.timeline text { paint-order: stroke; stroke: #fff; stroke-width: 5px; stroke-linejoin: round; }
.timeline .ev { font-size: 14px; fill: var(--ink); font-weight: 500; }
.timeline .ev-sub { font-size: 12px; fill: var(--ink-soft); }
.timeline a { text-decoration: none; }
.timeline a:hover .ev, .timeline a:focus .ev { fill: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }

/* featured story with the flipbook */
.home-feature { background: var(--wash); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.home-feature-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 5fr) minmax(0, 6fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem); align-items: center; }
.flipbook { margin: 0; }
.flipbook-frames { width: 100%; max-width: 380px; aspect-ratio: 380 / 560; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 1000% 100%; background-position: 0% 0; animation: flip 7s steps(10, jump-none) infinite; }
@keyframes flip { from { background-position: 0% 0; } to { background-position: 100% 0; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .flipbook-frames { animation: none; background-position: 33.333% 0; } }
.flipbook figcaption { max-width: 380px; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-top: .6rem; line-height: 1.45; }
.home-feature-text h2 { font-size: var(--step-3); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.home-feature-text h2 a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.home-feature-text h2 a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
.home-feature-text p { max-width: 52ch; }

/* publication cards */
.pub-cards { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; }
.pub-card-img { display: block; margin-bottom: 1rem; background: var(--wash); }
.pub-card-img img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; object-fit: cover; display: block; }
.pub-card-venue { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.pub-cards h3 { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.pub-cards h3 a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.pub-cards h3 a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.pub-card-blurb { color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }

/* about the PI */
.home-pi { background: var(--wash); }
.home-pi-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(0, 3fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem); align-items: center; }
.home-pi-photo { width: 100%; max-width: 420px; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; justify-self: end; }
.home-pi h2 { font-size: var(--step-3); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.home-pi p { max-width: 56ch; }
.home-pi-links { text-align: left; margin: 0 0 1.5rem; display: flex; gap: 1.25rem; }

/* people */
.portrait-row { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: .75rem; }
.portrait-row img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; display: block; }
.portrait-row a { display: block; }
.portrait-row a:hover img { outline: 3px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: -3px; }

/* funding */
.home-funding { text-align: center; }
.home-funding h2 { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
.home-funding ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; gap: .75rem 3rem; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-soft); }

/* news + visit */
.home-news-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(0, 5fr); gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem); align-items: start; }
.home-news h2, .home-join h2 { font-size: var(--step-2); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
.home-join { background: var(--wash); padding: 2rem; }
.home-join p { color: var(--ink-soft); }

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .home-hero-inner { padding-block: 6rem 4rem; }
  .strip-gallery { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .strip-gallery li:nth-child(n+4) a { aspect-ratio: 3 / 4; }
  .home-feature-grid, .home-news-grid, .home-pi-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .portrait-row { grid-template-columns: repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .home-pi-photo { justify-self: start; max-width: 320px; }
  .pub-cards { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .timeline { min-width: 720px; }
  .timeline-scroll { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; padding-bottom: .5rem; }
  .strip-gallery { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .strip-gallery a, .strip-gallery li:nth-child(n+4) a { aspect-ratio: 4 / 5; }
  .home-hero { min-height: 92vh; }
  .portrait-row { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .home-hero h1 { font-size: 2.4rem; }
}

/* --- home page v3: manifesto, project cards, news cards, join band --- */
.manifesto { text-align: center; padding-block: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem); }
.manifesto h2 { font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 1.4rem + 3vw, 4rem); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 1.05; max-width: 18ch; margin: 0 auto 1.75rem; }
.manifesto-lede { font-size: var(--step-1); line-height: 1.45; max-width: 52ch; margin: 0 auto 1.25rem; }
.manifesto-text { color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 60ch; margin: 0 auto 2rem; }
.manifesto .home-actions { justify-content: center; margin-top: 0; }

.project-cards { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; }
.project-cards a { display: block; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.project-cards img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; object-fit: cover; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.1rem; background: var(--wash); transition: transform .5s ease; }
.project-cards a:hover img { transform: scale(1.02); }
.project-cards h3 { font-size: var(--step-2); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.project-cards p { color: var(--ink-soft); margin-bottom: .75rem; }
.read-more { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--accent); border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor; }
.project-cards a:hover h3 { color: var(--accent); }

.news-cards { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; }
.news-cards a { display: block; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.news-cards img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 10; object-fit: cover; display: block; margin-bottom: 1rem; background: var(--wash); }
.news-cards time { display: block; margin-bottom: .4rem; }
.news-cards h3 { font-size: var(--step-1); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.news-cards p { color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }
.news-cards a:hover h3 { color: var(--accent); }

.home-funding-line { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: var(--step--1); color: var(--ink-faint); text-align: center; max-width: 70ch; margin: 2.5rem auto 0; }

.join-band { position: relative; color: #fff; background: var(--ink); overflow: hidden; }
.join-band-img { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; }
.join-band::after { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(10,16,24,.75) 0%, rgba(10,16,24,.45) 60%, rgba(10,16,24,.25) 100%); }
.join-band-inner { position: relative; z-index: 1; padding-block: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem); max-width: var(--wrap); }
.join-band h2 { font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 1.4rem + 3vw, 4rem); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 1.05; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
.join-band p { max-width: 50ch; color: rgba(255,255,255,.9); }
.join-band .home-actions { margin-top: 1.75rem; }
.home-kicker-light { color: rgba(255,255,255,.75); }
.hero-dark .site-footer { margin-top: 0; }

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .project-cards, .news-cards { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}